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Finding the Truth in Bruce Lee's Writings

............................................................... by Kip Brockett.................................................................

I have spent the last eleven years submerged in the study of martial arts. My emphasis has always been on Bruce Lee and his art of Jeet Kune Do. Through his example, I have extended my studies to many different arts, philosophies, etc. Through these studies, I have come across several instances of passages, ideas, and philosophies that have been attributed to Bruce Lee that were clearly someone else's work.

I would like to say that I in no way intend this to be a slap in the face of the late Bruce Lee. On the contrary, I feel that Bruce Lee has done more for the martial arts in the 20th century than has anyone- period. I have also tried to follow his teachings for the last 11 years as best that I can. My problem arises by what is attributed to the originality of Bruce Lee. What were actually his own ideas as opposed to something just regurgitated from his vast library? Bruce Lee was a very well-read man, with over 2000 books in his personal library. When the Tao of Jeet Kune Do was published as a collection of his notes, many mistook them to be all his own original writings. Many still do. But according to Ted Wong, (long time friend and student of Bruce Lee) when questioned in an interview published by Karate International magazine stated: "Mostly, it is just his philosophy and his personal notes. Actually it's more like a diary, with notes on different arts..." Bruce Lee is said to have been an obsessive note taker and the Tao of Jeet Kune Do is a published version of his notes. The notes range from personal ideas to passages in books to drawings. What causes problems is that there are few distinctions made between original and copied material. With the exception of a handful of cited copyrighted sources at the beginning of the Tao of Jeet Kune Do, most are not acknowledged. This is also true of nearly all of the countless Bruce Lee books on the market today. To make matters more complicated, Bruce Lee himself embellished on certain passages, thus making the passages sound like original Bruce Lee works. The following examples were found purely accidentally through my personal studies. I have focused mainly on written material, but this movie scene seemed to be an ideal place to start. Do you remember the scene in Enter the Dragon where Lee's character stated his style was the style of "Fighting Without Fighting" and proceeded to lure the bully into boarding the small boat? He then untied the boat and set it adrift. This scene was based on an anecdote of a well-known Japanese swordsman named Tsukahara Bokuden (1490-1571). As the story goes, Bokuden was crossing a lake one day when confronted by another swordsman who was bent on displaying his skill. When Bokuden was asked what his style was, he replied, "The mutekatsu ryu." Bokuden explained that this style was the highest form of swordsmanship, for it relied on no hands. The other swordsman grew angry and demanded a demonstration. Bokuden suggested an island so no innocent people would be hurt. When the boat reached the shore, the other swordsman preceded Bokuden, who appeared to follow, but pushed the boat back out into the lake. Bokuden then spoke in a calm voice saying that this is how mutekatsu ryu defeats the enemy. Now I understand that this is just a scene from a movie, but it has been stated that Bruce Lee liked to inject higher philosophical principles into his movies and this scene has been quoted many times to exemplify Jeet Kune Do's highest ideals. I think it is interesting to see where it came from, don't you? Now here's one that applies directly to the physical techniques of his art of Jeet Kune Do. The following excerpts refer to the footwork involved in reaching your opponent. The Tao of Jeet Kune Do "...It is a constant, rapid shifting of ground, seeking the slightest closing which will greatly increase the chances of hitting the opponent." Sports Illustrated: Book of Fencing "It is a constant rapid shifting of ground, seeking the slight closing of distance, which will greatly increase the chances of hitting the opponent." Most JKD people are aware that Bruce Lee borrowed many ideas from western fencing, but did you know that this was an almost direct quote? The copyright on the Sports Illustrated: Book of Fencing is 1960, 1962. It was published in 1962. Now Bruce Lee would have been in Seattle at this time and still attending Edison Technical School. It is very doubtful that Lee would have written this first. Also, Lee was still very much Wing Chun oriented in his fighting style. It was not until the late sixties that Lee coined the term "Jeet Kune Do", which we have been told consists mainly of Wing Chun, boxing, and western fencing. Here are a couple of examples where Bruce Lee took someone else's words and either simply inserted "Jeet Kune Do" or changed it slightly to accommodate an unarmed combat art. One that I have heard repeated many times over the years and Bruce Lee even included in a personal letter to a fan named "John", in only slightly different wording, is: The Tao of Jeet Kune Do "With all the training thrown to the wind, with a mind perfectly unaware of its own working, with the self vanishing nowhere, anybody knows where, the art of Jeet Kune Do attains its perfection." Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori (1571-1646) Japanese swordsman "...When this is realized, with all the training thrown to the winds, with a mind perfectly unaware of its own workings, with the self vanished nowhere anybody knows, the art of swordsmanship attains its perfection and one who has it is called a meijin." This was written over 300 years ago! It appears to be an adopted philosophy that should be credited to Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori, not Bruce Lee. Here is yet another passage adapted to Bruce Lee's art of Jeet Kune Do. The Tao of Jeet Kune Do "Approach Jeet Kune Do with the idea of mastering the will. Forget about winning and losing; forget about pride and pain. Let your opponent graze your skin and you smash his flesh; let him smash into your flesh and you fracture his bones; let him fracture your bones and you take his life! Do not be concerned with your escaping safely- lay your life before him!" Cited in D.T. Suzuki's Zen and Japanese Culture, (copyright 1959) is a commentary note in the book called Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai that reads: "Araki Matayemon [a great swordsman of the Tokugawa era] gave this instruction to his nephew, Watanabe Kazuma, when they were about to engage in the deadly fight with their enemy: 'Let the enemy touch your skin and you cut into his flesh; let him cut into your flesh and you pierce into his bones; let him pierce into your bones and you take his life!' " Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai (Hagakure meaning "hidden leaves" or "hidden by leaves") was written by Yamamoto Tsunetomo and first published on September 10, 1716. Again, there should be no doubt as to the original author. Bruce Lee changed the wording to suit his art, but the origins are clearly seen. And there is another instance I'd like to mention. This is stated in the book The Warrior Within, by John Little as: The Three Stages of Cultivation:  (Bruce Lee's words) "The first stage is the primitive stage. It is a stage of original ignorance in which a person knows nothing about the art of combat...he simply blocks and strikes instinctively..." "The second stage- the stage of sophistication, or mechanical stage- begins when a person starts his training. He is taught the different ways of blocking, striking,...Unquestionably, he has gained the scientific knowledge of combat, but unfortunately his original self and sense of freedom are lost, and his action no longer flows by itself...his mind tends to freeze at different movements..." "The third stage- the stage of artlessness, or spontaneous stage- occurs when, after years of serious and hard practice, the student realizes that after all, gung fu is nothing special..." In D.T. Suzuki's book Zen and Japanese Culture, (copyright 1959) he writes about Zen as it applies to swordsmanship. Look at the remarkable similarity! "To state it in terms of swordsmanship, the genuine beginner knows nothing about the way of holding and managing the sword...when the opponent tries to strike him, he instinctively parries it." "But as soon as the training starts, he is taught how to handle the sword,...and many other technical tricks- which makes the mind 'stop' at various junctures. For this reason whenever he tries to strike the opponent he feels unusually hampered; [he has lost altogether the original sense of innocence and freedom]." "But as days and years go by, as his training acquires fuller maturity, his bodily attitude and his way of managing the sword advance toward 'no-mind-ness,' which resemble the state of mind he had at the very beginning of training when he knew nothing, when he was altogether ignorant of the art. The beginning and the end thus turn into nextdoor neighbors."   Look at the similarities of the words used: Bruce Lee D.T. Suzuki 1.) blocks and strikes instinctively he instinctively parries 2.) begins when a person starts his training as soon as the training starts 3.) original self/sense of freedom original sense of innocence/freedom 4.) mind tends to freeze makes the mind 'stop' 5.) spontaneous stage "no-mind-ness" 6.) after years of serious...practice as days and years go by   This is a Zen concept of learning and can be applied to almost anything. My point is the similarity in wording. The words of Bruce Lee have been published as though the idea of the three stages were his own creation. In The Warrior Within, John Little states about Lee: "...he drafted a fascinating philosophical treatise, which he called The Three Stages of Cultivation." And then goes on to describe them. Suzuki's book was published in 1959. It was a revised and enlarged version of a book published originally in 1938. Bruce Lee would not have even been born in 1938. (b. 1940) He would have just been arriving in the United States in 1959. The preface to Suzuki's revised edition is dated 1958, before Lee's arrival in the States. I think it is safe to say that Suzuki's work pre-dates Lee's. There is no doubt that Western Boxing had a significant impact on the mind of Bruce Lee. It has been said that Bruce Lee had over 250 books on Western Boxing in his personal library. World Champion kickboxer Joe Lewis (private student of Bruce Lee) said in an interview, "He also had great assistance from a boxing manual that came out in the 1940's…" "His Tao of Jeet Kune Do used a lot of theories on fighting from this book." In the acknowledgements at the beginning of the Tao of Jeet Kune Do, Edwin L. Haislet's book, Boxing, (copyright 1940) is cited as a major contributor with no less than 19 pages of the Tao of Jeet Kune Do mentioned. Mr. Lewis does not mention Haislet's book by name, but I can't help but think this is the one he's referring. Although there are many examples used from Haislet's book in the Tao of Jeet Kune Do, I would like to focus on but a few. Most specifically (except for the first 2 examples) are ones that are not cited in the Acknowledgements of the Tao of Jeet Kune Do. These first 2 examples are cited, at least by page number, but you can see how Bruce Lee changed the wording to fit the art of Jeet Kune Do. Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 34 "The primary purpose of JKD is kicking, hitting and applying bodily force. Therefore, the use of the on-guard position is to obtain the most favorable position for the above-mentioned." Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, page 2 "The primary purpose of boxing is hitting. Therefore, the use of the fundamental position is to obtain the most favorable position for hitting…" Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 34 "To hit or to kick effectively, it is necessary to shift weight constantly from one leg to the other. This means perfect control of body balance. Balance is the most important consideration in the on-guard position." Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, page 2 "…To hit effectively it is necessary to shift the weight constantly from one leg to the other. This means perfect control of body balance. Balance is the most important consideration of the fundamental position." You can see that there are only minor changes involved in these examples, such as substituting "JKD" for "boxing" and "on-guard" position for "fundamental" position. Also you can see the added elements such as "kicking" and "applying bodily force" since boxing is restricted to punching techniques only. Next, I am going to list several examples that are obviously taken from Haislet's book, but no acknowledgements are given. Some have minor changes, but for the most part, these examples are direct copies of Haislet's work. Tao of Jeet Kune Do, pages 31 & 32 "In Western boxing, the head is treated as if it were a part of the trunk, generally, with no independent action of its own. In close-in fighting, it should be carried vertically, with the point of the chin pinned to the collarbone and the side of the chin held against the inside of the lead shoulder…" Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, page 5 "In boxing, the head is treated as if it were a part of the trunk with no independent action of its own. It should be carried forward, with the chin pinned down to the breast-bone…" Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 32 "The point of the chin is not tucked into the lead shoulder except when angling the head back in an extreme defensive position. Tucking the point of the chin into the lead shoulder turns the neck into an unnatural position, takes away the support of the muscles and prevents straight bone alignment. It also tenses the lead shoulder and arm, preventing free action and causing fatigue." Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, page 5 "The chin is not 'tucked' behind the left shoulder except in an extreme defensive position. 'Tucking' the chin into the left shoulder turns the neck into an unnatural position, takes away the support of the muscles, and prevents straight bone alignment. It also tenses the left shoulder and arm, preventing free action and causing fatigue." Notice the change from "left" shoulder to "lead" shoulder, since Bruce Lee fought right side forward? Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 32 "With the chin dropped and pinned tight to the collarbone, the muscles and bone structure are in the best possible alignment and only the top of the head is presented to the opponent, making it impossible to be hit on the point of the chin." Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, page 5 "With the chin dropped directly forward and pinned tight to the breast-bone the muscles and bone structure are in the best possible alignment, and only the top of the head is presented to the opponent making it impossible to hit a man on the point of the chin." Notice the change in these passages from "breast-bone" to "collarbone". The first thing that comes to mind is if the best possible alignment of muscles and bone structure is with the chin pinned to the breast-bone (according to Haislet), then how can a change to the collarbone still keep this alignment? Maybe this is a perfect example of Bruce Lee using his personal notes to work out a particular aspect of his martial art. Yet without a reference to the source, again, confusion arises. Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 29 "The on-guard position is that position most favorable to the mechanical execution of all the total techniques and skills. It allows complete relaxation yet, at the same time, gives a muscle tonus most favorable to quick reaction time." Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, page 1 "The fundamental boxing position is that position most favorable to the mechanical execution of the techniques and skills which make up boxing. It allows complete relaxation yet at the same time gives a muscle tonus most favorable to quick reaction time." Again we see the change from "fundamental" position to "on-guard" position. Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 156 "Ducking is dropping the body forward under swings and hooks (hands or feet) directed at the head…" "Ducking is used as a means of escaping blows and allowing the fighter to remain in range for a counter attack. It is just as necessary to learn to duck swings and hooks as it is to slip straight punches. Both are important in counterattacks." Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, pages 49 & 50 "Ducking is dropping the body forward under hooks and swings to the head. It is used as a means of escaping blows allowing the boxer to remain in range for a counter-attack…" "It is just as necessary to learn to duck swings as it is to slip straight punches. Both are used for the same purpose, and both are important in counter-attack." And finally… Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 157 "Rolling nullifies the force of a blow by moving the body with it. Against a straight blow, the movement is backward. Against hooks, the movement is to either side. Against uppercuts, it is backward and away." Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, page 50 "Rolling means nullifying the force of a blow by moving the body with the blow. Against a straight blow, the movement is backward; against hooks, to either side; and against uppercuts, it is backward and away." There's no doubt that Bruce Lee used a great deal of Haislet's book in his notes. The point is that although some acknowledgement is given in the Tao of Jeet Kune Do, there is much more needed. This can, has, and will continue to lead to confusion on the part of its readers. This is not limited only to the Tao of Jeet Kune Do. There are many other publications on Bruce Lee that use quotes from Haislet's book and other sources, that contain no acknowledgements- including Jeet Kune Do: Commentaries on the Martial Way, by Tuttle Publishing. I would like to interject something here that may seem a bit off-subject, but that I came across in my studies. I think that it relates here, because it serves as an example to the influence of Haislet's book. Around the same time that I acquired a copy of Boxing by Edwin L. Haislet, I also came into possession of Boxing, "The Naval Aviation Physical Training Manual" (copyright 1943). I have yet to be able to figure out how Haislet's book could be copyrighted in 1940 and the Naval Manual in 1943, yet the Naval Manual contains almost the entire text of the Haislet book. To the Naval Manual's credit, it does contain added features such as a lesson plan, history, and drills for teaching in groups, which are not part of the Haislet book. Now let's move to the other side of the globe to see some of the Eastern influences on Bruce Lee. In Part 1, we discussed several examples involving Zen and Japanese swordsmanship that Bruce Lee used as resources. In some instances he simply changed the wording to suit the unarmed combat method of Jeet Kune Do. In this part, I'd like to give several more examples that are direct quotes with almost no change at all. Under the heading, "On Zen", in the Tao of Jeet Kune Do, the next 4 examples come from the words of Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori (1571-1646)- who was mentioned in Part 1. These quotes can be found in D.T. Suzuki's book Zen and Japanese Culture, published in 1959. Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 9 "Give up thinking as though not giving it up. Observe techniques as though not observing." Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori "Give up thinking as though not giving it up. Observe the technique as though not observing." Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 9 "I'm moving and not moving at all. I'm like the moon underneath the waves that ever go on rolling and rocking." Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori "I am moving all day and not moving at all. I am like the moon underneath the waves that ever go on rolling and rocking." Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 8 "Let yourself go with the disease, be with it, keep company with it- this is the way to be rid of it." Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori "Let yourself go with the disease, be with it, keep company with it: this is the way to get rid of it." Tao of Jeet Kune Do, page 7 "Turn into a doll made of wood: it has no ego, it thinks nothing, it is not grasping or sticky. Let the body and limbs work themselves out in accordance with the discipline they have undergone." Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori "Turn yourself into a doll made of wood: it has no ego, it thinks nothing; and let the body and limbs work themselves out in accordance with the discipline they have undergone. This is the way to win." Again, the above examples by Yagyu Tajima no kami Munenori were written over 300 years ago. Aside from a few grammatical differences, it seems very clear as to the source of these passages. Although Western Fencing did play a significant role in the physical techniques of Jeet Kune Do, it appears that Eastern Fencing (Japanese sword arts) played just as significant a role in the philosophical aspects of JKD. Originally this was to be a short article on some of my discoveries. I had completed Part 3 and was ready to publish, when I changed my mind on how to approach it. Although the majority of comments I have received on this article so far have been positive, there are a few who have misunderstood my purpose. For clarification to all, this will be the bulk of this section. As promised, this section will wrap up with a look at one of Bruce Lee's ranking systems. I had intended on examining various comments that I have seen on the Internet to show the widespread effect that the subject of this article reaches, but decided to leave this out as I do not want it to appear that I am "picking" on anyone. We will also take a look at Bruce Lee's "My Definite Chief Aim" to examine the impetus of this writing. After that, I want to explain my personal viewpoints on the subject at hand. As stated in the previous sections, it is well-known that Western Fencing played a large part in the physical aspects of Bruce Lee's martial art. Not so well-known is how influential Eastern Fencing (i.e.- Japanese Swordsmanship) was on the philosophical side of his art. Although Bruce Lee eventually did away with his ranking systems and his commercial schools altogether, one ranking structure that he used is of particular interest to this discussion. In the book Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit by Bruce Thomas, it is stated: "The first rank was a blank circle, the original state of freedom and potential. The further ranks were represented by yin/yang emblems of various colors, signifying all aspects of life. The highest grade was again the blank circle: the return to the Source." (page 292) This is verified by Dan Inosanto in which he published "Bruce Lee's Ranking Systems" in Inside Kung Fu magazine whereby 2 of Lee's ranking systems are examined. It should be noted that the highest rank- reserved for the founder of the system, Bruce Lee- was again the blank circle. The Shinkage-Ryu, a school of swordsmanship that began in the Ashikaga period (1338-1568) of Japanese history, has a final certificate that you may find interesting. According to D.T. Suzuki in Zen and Japanese Culture, "The final certificate, for instance, which is given to one qualified to be a master of the school, contains nothing but a circle. This is supposed to represent a mirror bright and altogether free from film and dust…" Coincidence? Also… "…the final stage of spiritual discipline… symbolized as a circle empty of contents- a circle with no circumference." To those familiar with Bruce Lee's writings, "circle with no circumference" should be a very familiar term. Seeing the amount of things already taken from D.T. Suzuki's book, it is not a large leap to assume that the idea of the blank circle as a rank structure was also taken from it. Now let's look at the affirmation paper that Bruce Lee wrote entitled, "My Definite Chief Aim." For those that have never seen this paper, it is a hand-written note on a single piece of paper with the word "SECRET" typed at the bottom. It reads as follows: My Definite Chief Aim: I, Bruce Lee, will be the first highest paid Oriental super star in the United States. In return I will give the most exciting performances and render the best of quality in the capacity of an actor. Starting 1970 I will achieve world fame and from then onward till the end of 1980 I will have in my possession $10,000,000. I will live the way I please and achieve inner harmony and happiness. Bruce Lee, 1969 This affirmation comes from the 6 step program outlined by Napoleon Hill in his book, Think and Grow Rich. If you have never read this book, I encourage you to do so… it could change your life. And if you have read this book, read it again. Please don't let the title turn you away from it, the principles outlined in Think & Grow Rich are a culmination of 20 years of research of some of the most successful people in the world at that time and can apply to any goal- not just monetary. Briefly, the six steps are as follows: Decide exactly how much money you desire. Determine what you intend to give in return for this money. Establish a date to possess this money. Create a definite plan of action. Write a clear statement containing the above information. Read statement twice daily out loud. There are several keys included in the book that will show you that this was the inspiration of Bruce Lee's "My Definite Chief Aim". Obviously you can follow the steps and see where each is included in the writing. Also on page 55 of Think and Grow Rich, it is stated in a "Self-Confidence Formula": "I have clearly written down a description of my definite chief aim in life…" If you would like to research further, see page 71 under the heading, "To Stimulate Your Subconscious Mind." (The copy I have is a paperback version and the page numbers may not coincide with other versions of the book.) Now, on to my defense… I want it understood that I am most definitely a Bruce Lee fan. It was NEVER my intention to discredit Bruce Lee in any way, shape, or form with this article. If I came across as doing that, I am sorry. This is the first article (and possibly the last!) that I have ever written. The misunderstanding by those who view my intent as degrading, is more likely due to my lack of writing or communication skills. I suppose. I had 2 main objectives in writing this article. To show some of the discoveries I have stumbled across in my own studies that have possibly been mistakenly attributed to Bruce Lee. To share possible sources to a few ideas that he used in his films, personal life, and his art of Jeet Kune Do. Now, I am not accusing anyone of anything. I am quite sure that Bruce Lee never intended to publish the bulk of these notes. They were his personal notes from various sources, used in his personal study. Some original, some not. Now he may have intended to publish a work on his art, but I don't think for a minute that these notes would have been included without acknowledgements. It's more likely that they would have been fused into something more personal to Lee himself. I mean, come on… You can't fault the man for something published after his death! But, as many of you know, there are many, many people out there that believe that if Bruce Lee's name is on something, it has to be his original creation. I hear people all the time quoting Bruce Lee, that have no idea what-so-ever of where the saying actually came from. I have been guilty of this myself! This does not make the information less valuable. Many people, though, stop there. They have no interest in digging deeper into it to find the source. Therefore depriving themselves of possible gems of information or insight that could be gleaned from the source. I also want to say that I don't think anyone purposefully left out acknowledgements. I appreciate as much as anyone the publishing of Bruce Lee's notes. Linda Lee Cadwell (Bruce Lee's widow) and John Little (Bruce Lee historian) in particular should be commended. If it weren't for Linda Lee Cadwell's desire to share with the world her husband's legacy, we would all be deprived of the glimpse into Bruce Lee's mind that was given us. I also want to say that Tuttle Publishing and Ohara Publications Inc. should be commended for distributing this information. I'm not sure what the answer to the problem of acknowledgements should be. The task of going through Bruce Lee's library of over 2,000 books and finding every reference his notes pertained to, would be a daunting task, if not impossible. Not to mention searching the outside sources that he may have used. Now on the other side of this, I do think there needs to be a little more care involved when attributing something to Bruce Lee. When someone says, "Bruce Lee said…", or attributes an idea to Bruce Lee, one should at least make an effort to verify that the statement or idea did not come from someone else. In my opinion, this does a great disservice to the originator. Credit should be given where credit is due. I have heard many people say that it's not important where the information came from, but what's important is the lesson and what Bruce Lee did with that information that is important. I agree that these things are important. But I believe it is equally important to see from where it came. I believe it gives a closer affinity with Bruce Lee to see exactly where he was coming from. It distresses me that some think my motives were to tear down a great man. Nothing could be further from the truth. I do prefer to look at Bruce Lee as a man, though. Faults and all. I think that seeing both the good and the bad teaches us more about Bruce Lee the person. Fans of Bruce Lee are a funny lot. There are some that I cannot categorize any other way but "zealots". Refusing to see anything negative or to tolerate anyone that they perceive as speaking negatively. All I can do is shake my head. You can't change people, only yourself and how you deal with them. This is not to say that I think that anything in this article exposes faults or speaks negatively of Bruce Lee. I don't believe that I have done any such thing. This article was an examination of sources, nothing else. I would like to end this by saying that one of the greatest gifts I received from my studies of the late, great Bruce Lee is my appreciation for knowledge through books. His example through his thirst for knowledge and his expansive personal library sparked in me the urge to start my own personal library. Although not nearly as large as Bruce Lee's, I have amassed a considerable collection on a vast array of subjects. I would encourage all to do this as well.

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